Chicago brochure on fire awareness and you; distributed by Mayor Bilandic.
000068
1
GOV
City of Chicago
City of Chicago and People's Gas recommend that consumers set water heaters to 120 F; a little adjustment can prevent pain and suffering.

Cinncinnati Shriners Hospital hot tap water safety procedures brochure.
000073
1
PUB
M. Maley, Shriners
Recommends lowering water heater temperature to 120-130 F; install thermostatically controlled faucet or shower head.

Electric Water Heater Thermostat Adjustment Procedure.
000133
1
OTH
Puget Power
Statement in support of lowing the thermostat setting on water heater. Gives instructions on how to turn setting below 140F. For each 10 degree reduction in temperature you may save 5% on water heater energy use.

Leonard Water Temperature Controls Brochure
000050
8
OTH
Leonard
Describes various shower devices including section on adjustable tempering valves set at 110 F, unless otherwise specified.

List of four articles on burns and scalds in children.
000084
1
OTH

Medical Aspects Tap Water Injury
000118
2
STU
Kenneth W. Feldman, M.D.
Discusses study on tap water burns and prevention of injuries by turning water heater temperature down.

Memrysafe Anti-Scald Products brochures describing anti-scald devices (five docs including business card).
000049
6
OTH
Lee Matthew Enterprises, Inc.
Hot water can be just as dangerous as a fire; water reduced to trickle when temperature exceeds 114 F; 30% of burn injuries related to hot water.

Report on Energy Conservation: Water Temperature Effects in Laundering and Automatic Dishwashing.
000058
6
STU
Albert J. Fuchs
Normal setting on water heaters is 140 F (averages about 130 F to account for heat loss in pipes); cold water cannot be used for dishwashing (need 140 F). Note that many dishwashers equipped with heating elements.

Report on Reduced Energy Consumption of Automatic Washers: Benefits and Penalties.
000057
7
STU
Raymond M. Goodman
Industry conducted study on effectiveness of cold water washing; betwwen 1971 and 1975, industry has been able to bring about the use of cooler water; industry should encourage using cooler water.

Rheem Residential Gas Water Heater Use & Care Manual for installer and owner-operator.
000055
6
OTH
Rheem Water Heater Division
Manual includes safety precautions and a thermostat; designed to comply with ANSI Z21.10.1 - 1975; temperature set with dial with a NORMAL (140 F) setting recommended; houses with children should be lower.

Symmons brochure on Safetymix Visu-Temp: most advanced shower system ever designed.
000044
6
OTH
Symmons Industries, Inc.
Symmons originated principle of fully pressured mixing valve over 35 years ago; device has thermometer built in so user can see temperature of water; marked average temperature of shower 100 F to eliminate guesswork.

Symmons brochure on Safetymix shower systems, including shower valves.
000041
4
OTH
Symmons Industries, Inc.
Description of devices offered by company which "eliminate gangerous bursts of hot or cold water." Mixed water remains safely constant. Company at 31 Brooks Drive, Braintree, MA.

Symmons brochure on Single-handle Temptrol line of faucet devices
000042
8
OTH
Symmons Industries, Inc.
Since 1930s, Symmons pioneered development of single handle valve; pressue balancing keeps water temperature constant to help prevent scalds.

Symmons brochure on TempControl Thermostatic Water Controller for positive and accurate control of hot water.
000043
2
OTH
Symmons Industries, Inc.
Necessity whenever generated hot water must be tempered for safe, economic use; fails safely to shut down flow.

Syndicated newspaper column of Dr. Timothy Johnson concerning hot water and Medical World News (5/16/77) report.
000069
1
PUB
Timothy Johnson MD
Reports that Dr. Kaplan believes that any hot water heater set above 135 F; at that temperature, takes only 10 to 15 seconds for a full thickness burn.

01/01/1916
Cyclopedia of Heating, Plumbing & Sanitation (Vol II).
000017
393
PUB
American Technical Society
General principles of hot water heating discussed; some discussion of available valves.

01/01/1919
Carpentry and Contracting: Reference work on Heating; prepared by American Technical Society.
000016
473
PUB
Fred T. Hodgson, editor
On page 104 contains section on hot water heaters; pages 379 et seq. contain information on water heater temperature regulators.

01/01/1921
Crane: Plumbing, Heating Tools, Water Systems, Etc., Catalogue No. 142 (1921).
000015
552
PUB
Crane Co.
On page 70, book features section on shower temperature regulating valves; "they are practically anti-scalding"; "impossible to reassemble Valve incorrectly ... reversing the cold water ... which might cause the bather to be scalded.

01/01/1924
Standard Practical Plumbing: including hot and cold water supply.
000018
432
PUB
R. M. Starbuck
Page 265 begins discussion of Hot and Cold Water Supply; some discussion of relief valves.

01/01/1925
Walworth Catalog of Supplies for Steam, Water, gas and Oil.
000019
715
PUB
Walworth Mfg. Co.
Collection of various valves available for plumbing industry. Pages 495-96 cover safety valves.

01/01/1940
How to Design and Install Plumbing.
000021
388
PUB
A. J. Matthias, Jr.
Domestic hot water supply covered beginning at page 273; tempering of water discussed at 273.

01/01/1946
Heating and Air Conditioning Text.
000020
667
PUB
John R. Allen
Engineering texstbook; discussion of domestic water heaters on pp. 164-65; discussion of controlling water temperature at p. 284 et seq.

02/24/1946
Studies of Thermal Injury
000094
14
PUB
F.C. Henriques, Jr., M.D.
The predictability and the significance of thermally induced rate processes leading to irreversible epidermal injury.

02/24/1946
Studies of Thermal Injury
000095
26
PUB
A.R. Moritz, F.C. Henriques, Jr.
The relative importance of time and surface temperature in the causation of cutaneous burns.

01/01/1947
Excerpt from Studies of Thermal Injury from 1947 Archives of Pathology.
000085
1
STU
F. C. Henriques
Summary of experiments with exposure to hot liquids on pigs and humans and the amount of time it takes to burn skin.

03/19/1970
Specification for Safety of Household Electrical Appliances
000101
27
REG
British Standards Institution
Part 2: Particular requirements Section 2.7 Stationary Non-instantaneous Water Heaters

01/01/1973
CPSC Fact Sheet No. 3 on bathtub and shower injuries.
000040
2
GOV
CPSC
Statistics show that bathroom is one of most hazardous areas of the home; advice on how to avoid burns; shower should have faucet which mixes hot with cold water or thermostatic control valves.

11/01/1973
ASSE Standards for Individual Shower Control Valves Anti-Scald Type.
000047
10
REG
ASSE
Disturbing experience with surges of hot water from shower valves prompted this standard project. Protects user from hot water. Committee chair is William Dillon from North Andover, MA.

04/01/1975
The Potential for Energy Savings Through Reductions in Hot Water Consumption
. 000128
47
STU
John George Muller
Sets forth possible techniques for conserving heated water.

06/04/1975
A Systematic Program to Reduce the Incidence and Servity of Bathtub and Shower Area Injuries.
000005
6
STU
ABT Associates
Executive study with the discussion of the problem of bathtub and shower area injuries and major recommendations on how to reduce the incidence and severity of these accidents.

08/01/1975
American National Standard A197.5 Household Dishwashers
000135
17
REG
AHAM
Standard establishes a uniform procedure for measuring specified characteristics of dishwashers.

04/01/1976
ASSE Standard for Thermostatic Mixing Valves, self actuated for primary domestic use (standard no. 1017)
000046
10
REG
ASSE
Protection of persons from high temperature water is essential; designed to control water at lower level in supply line, not at appliances; helpful to designers and engineers; adjust from 120 F to 180 F.

07/01/1976
Detergents for Use in Household Cleansing System at Temperatures Significantly Below the Usual 140 150 degrees F.
000130
12
STU
Seymore Goldwasser
Evaluation of the effectiveness of existing or possible new household cleaners that would be suitable for use with domestic hot water below the usual range of 140-150F.

07/01/1976
US Gov report on Detergents for Use in Household Cleansing Systems at Temperatures below the usual 140 to 150 F.
000059
12
STU
Seymour Goldwasser
Concludes that laundering does not require water above 120 F, but dishwashing does; solution for dishwashing is in-machine heaters, ultra-sonic dishwashers, and low-temperature detergents; larger hot water tanks would be needed.

07/12/1976
Household Cleaning and Dishwashing at Reduced Water Supply Temperatures
000136
13
STU
Anthony M. Schwartz
Study indicated that when water temperature is below 130F the cleaning effect of machine dishwashing becomes inferior.

01/01/1977
The Feasibility of Lowering Water Heater Temperature as a Means of Reducing Scald Hazards.
000129
58
STU
R.P. Wilson, W.D. Lee, L.E. Ashley
Study shows that a majority of scald incidents would be prevented if water heaters were set no higher that 130F. 3,000 injuries occur each year as a result of scalding by hot water.

05/16/1977
Medical World News article (5/16/77) on Hot Tap Water Can Cause Fatal Burns.
000067
1
PUB
Medical World News
Burn expert finds hot water in many homes can scald in seconds; hot water scalds account for 20% of burns we see; Reference to 1947 study on burns in American Journal of Pathology.

07/29/1977
Tap Water Scald Burns in Children
000008
36
STU
Feldman, Schaller, Feldman,
Study on tap water scald burns with children being the most frequent victims. Contains various surveys including home tap water survey in Seattle.

09/01/1977
Reader's Digest Article (9/77) warning bathers to beware of hot water.
000064
1
PUB
Medical World News
Water at 135 F can produce third-degree burns in only 10 to 15 seconds; Dr. Kaplan warns consumers to keep temperature below 130 F.

09/29/1977
Woman's Day article (9/29/77) in Medifacts section on Hot Water warning.
000063
1
PUB
Jay Nelson Tuck
Warning that tap water in home can buen the skin; Dr. Kaplan recommends that hot water be kept no hotter than 130 F.

10/14/1977
Letter responding to FEA's recommended 140-150F setting.
000092
2
LTR
Donald A. Beattie
Response to 9/22/77 letter suggesting 120-125F setting. Need water set at least at 140F for automatic dishwashers to clean properly. Not all bacteria is destroyed at tempertures below 140F.

10/17/1977
Medical World News article (10/17/77) on the hot water story: hotel and home hazards.
000066
2
PUB
Medical World News
Recognition of dangers from hot tap water is growing to new levels of concern; ideally water should be at 130 F.

01/01/1978
City of Salem items of interest newsletter (1/78) concerning dial down tap temperatures.
000071
1
PUB
City of Salem, Washington
Recommends and gives instructions for lowering temperature of hot water below 13o F; gives chart demonstrating length of time to receive third degree burn.

01/25/1978
Letter against Federal Energy Administration's recommended water heater temperture of 140 degrees.
000090
2
LTR
Kenneth Feldman, M.D.
FEA's recommended 140F water temperture is unsafe and unnecessary. Safer tempertures at 120-125F. Time to scald decreases rapidly from 125 to 140F. Cleaning chores can be accomplished in cooler water.

03/01/1978
Consumers' Research Magazine Article on What is a safe domestic hot-water temperature.
000065
2
PUB
Consumers Research Magazine
Great many homes heat water to temperatures that are downright dangerous, as well as unnecessary and energy wasting; families usually unaware that hot water is dangerous; ASHRAE recommends 120 F setting.

04/01/1978
NFPCH-REB Firing Line article on dial down tap water temperature (4/78).
000078
1
PUB
Matt Maley
Lowering temperature of hot water heater reduces probability of scald burns; Cinncinnati Health Dept. plans to circulate tap water scald information.

04/01/1978
Pacific Gas and Electric brochure to customers concerning hot water heaters and safeguarding families.
000070
1
PUB
Pacific Gas & Electric
Advises cutsomers to set water heater to 130 F; water at 140 is scalding; tap water causes 10 percent of all serious burns in the US; cutting temperature does not sacrafice sterilizing action.

04/24/1978
Program and Abstracts from 4/78 meeting of Ambulatory Pediatric Association.
000060
2
MIN
Abstract of presentation on Tap Water Scalds Burns in Children; Families seldom aware of the risk of tap water; injuries can be passively prevented by limiting water heater temperatures to 125 F.

05/15/1978
Contractor Magazine article on scald burns and industry's role
000001
1
PUB
Thomas F. Moran
Condensed from presentation by Thomas Moran to American Burn Association concerning letting consumers know of hazards of hot water through education.

05/17/1978
Memo on some effects of water temperature reduction upon the disinfection capabilities in dishwashing and clotheswashing.
000006
3
MEM
Steve Nakashima
Discussion on the question of santization when lowering water tempertures for automatic dishwashing and clotheswashing.

05/26/1978
Letter in response of FEA's recommendation of water heaters being set at 140 degrees.
000108
2
LTR
James A. Smith
In response to Dr. Feldman's letter of 1/25/78 (document 000090). DOE recommends water heater set at 120F unless a dishwasher is in the home, then water should be set at 140F.

07/01/1978
Tap Water Scald Burns in Children
000007
7
PUB
Feldman, Schaller, Feldman, McMilli
Discussion on scald burns in children as the most frequent victims. Contains surveys and case histories.

07/06/1978
Addendum to Tap Water Scalding Petition.
000097
2
LTR
Harry A. Wall
Addendum to petition to read "Product: Gas, oil or electric residential water heaters..." (Previous statement did not include "oil")

07/07/1978
Memo on Petition to Reduce Tap Water Scalding CP 78-15
000125
1
MEM
Sheldon D. Butts
Memo to initiate petition from Your Seattle City Light requesting issuance of a consumer product rule for new water heater to have a maximum thermostat setting and warning lable.

07/18/1978
Letter to CPSC from Whirlpool which had accompanied a policy statement.
000131
1
LTR
Thomas E. Hawkins
Letter had accompanied Whirlpool's policy statement regarding performance of dishwashers in temperatures below 140F.

07/20/1978
Letter to Susan King from Warren G. Magnuson urging CPSC to give petition serious consideration.
000116
1
LTR
Warren G. Magnuson, U.S.S.
Urging CPSC to give petition serious consideration.

07/24/1978
Notice of Mayor Charles Royer announcing his participation in investigating and recommending a max. water temperture of 130F.
000127
3
OTH
Joan Whiley
Press release information on Charles Royer announcing his participation in investigating and recommending a max. water heater temperature of 130F.

07/24/1978
Scalding Victim Jeanette Leding
000115
2
OTH
Kenneth Feldman, M.D.
Case report on scalding victim Jeanette Leding. Water temperture in accident was greater than 150F.

07/24/1978
Supporters of 130F Maximum Tap Water Temperature
000117
1
OTH
Your Seattle City Light
Listing of supporters of 130F maximum tap water temperature.

07/25/1978
Letter from CPSC to Whirlpool regarding policy statement.
000132
1
LTR
Joan L. Bergy
Response to 7/18/78 letter from Whirlpool regarding policy statement on the performance of dishwashers at temperatures below 140F.

07/25/1978
Seattleites Asked To Reduce Water Heat
000119
1
PUB
Seattle Post-Intelligencer
Mayor of Seattle, Charles Royer requesting Seattle area residence to turn their water heaters down to 130F, to save energy and prevent scald accidents. More than 50 area youths hospitalized past 15 yrs. due to scald injuries.

07/25/1978
Turn Water Heaters Down, Mayor Urges
000120
1
PUB
Bill Sing
Mayor Charles Royer calls for homeowners to voluntarily turn their water heaters down to 130F. At 150F scalds occur in 2 seconds but it takes 30 seconds at 130F.

07/26/1978
Memo on community education project on tap water scald burns.
000126
2
MEM
Joan L. Bergy
Discusses events of Mayor Royer's news conference to kick-off Community Awareness Campaign to turn down home hot water heaters.

09/01/1978
Special Report: Accidents and injuries involving scald burns from tap water sources.
000038
11
STU
CPSC
Tap water scalds account for 2,615 injuries annually; bathtub scald injuries appear most frequent (children fall or climb into tub); 80% of homes have tap water in excess of 130 F.

09/11/1978
Letter to Seattle City Light from AHAM confirming phone conversation regarding water temperature requirements in dishwashers.
000124
1
LTR
Walter H. Blanck, Jr.
Confirms a phone conversation of 8/31/78 discussing water temperature requirements for acceptable dishwashing in automatic dishwashers.

09/15/1978
Memo on hot water temperature and scalding injuries.
000123
1
MEM
Lawrence Bergeer
Seattle-King County Health Department supporting reduction of residential hot water temperatures to 130F, to prevent scald injuries in children, the elderly and the handicapped.

10/01/1978
Are You in Hot Water...?
000091
2
PUB
Department of Public Health
Notice of dangers associated with 150F, the water temperture at which water heaters are set at the factory. Answers questions raised by lowering temperture issue and gives info. on how to turn water heaters down.

10/20/1978
Memo submitting briefing package to the CPSC.
000003
1
MEM
Irwin Greif
Program Manager is submitting briefing package to commission (document 000002).

10/25/1978
Memo on options of the CPSC in making a decision on petition CP 78-15.
000013
4
MEM
Carole Roth, Attorney, OGC
Commission's choices of granting, denying or deferring its decision on petition CP 78-15.

11/01/1978
Briefing paper on Tap Water Scalding from CPSC (CP 78-15)
000002
250
STU
Irwin Greif
Contains a collection of articles, studies, investigations, and reports on tap water scalding. Also contains petition for CPSC action to implement Consumer Product Safety Rule for residential hot water heaters.

11/15/1978
Letter to Commission to increase the maximum water heater temperture to 130F.
000089
3
LTR
Kenneth Feldman, M.D.
Letter to CPSC to increase original 120-125F maximum water heater temperture to 130F to satisfy need to reduce tap water temperture but still provide water hot enough for adequate dishwashing and volume of home hot water.

12/15/1978
Memo from CPSC on information & education program on tap water scalding
000039
3
MEM
Bessie T. Draper
Discusses delivery of messages on scalding through utility companies distributing information in newsletters, cautionary labels, and thermometers to customers; also discusses voluntary standards.

12/21/1978
An Instant to Burn and 2 Years to Heal.
000107
2
PUB
Joe Frisino
Discusses 5 year old scald victim's medical treatment and how scald burns can be prevented by turning water heaters down to 130F.

01/01/1979
Burn Foundation Newsletter on Scalds: The Overlooked Burn Injury.
000061
2
PUB
Simplest way to prevent tragedies is to reduce temperature of hot water; scalding water not necessary to clean clothes or dishes; discusses anti-scald devices; Phil. E. C. includes scald prevention brochure in its current billing cycle.

01/01/1979
Philadelphia Electric Company brochure on hot water burns: is the hot water in your home too hot?
000072
2
PUB
Philadelphia Electric Company
Water doesn't have to be scalding to clean; burns more often caused by liquids than flames; Can prevent burns (being careful is not enough); keep temperature lower than 130 F.

01/29/1979
Impact of 130F Residential Tap Water
000011
20
STU
Harry A. Wall
Report on the impact of reducing residential tap water to 130F.

02/01/1979
Memo from CPSC to Consumers on hot water tap scalds.
000076
2
MEM
CPSC
Each year, 2,600 people suffer scald injuries; advises of petition requesting safety rule for water heaters at 130 F; findings presented to Commissioner in 11/78; recommends lower temperatures and anti-scald devices.

02/07/1979
Memo on Tap Water Scalds Petition CP 78-15. Commission to defer decision on petition.
000009
78
MEM
Nicholas Marchica
Memo on Commission to defer decision of subject petition and to allow staff to develop further information of petition issues. With additional briefing information and attachments.

02/13/1979
Letter on responses of clothes washing and dishwashing manufactures on water heater thermostat set backs.
000086
22
LTR
Walter H. Blanck, Jr.
Summary of the responses of clothes washer and dishwasher manufacturers regarding affects of thermostat set backs on water heater thermostats with attachments containing results of various studies.

02/28/1979
Questions Raised by the Commisssion at the February 28, 1979 Briefing on Tap Water Scalds.
000088
6
STU
CPSC
Answers to questions raised by Commission on tap water scald petition. Deals with issues to deny, grant or defer decision on petition CP 78-15.

03/01/1979
Ohio Fire Marshall's Newsletter (3/79) on who gets burned: how? why?
000077
1
PUB
Matt Maley
Talks of hazards of hot water and notes that 125 F is quite adequate setting; also notes availability of heat sensitive faucets.

03/08/1979
Record of Commission Action regarding petition CP 78-15.
000134
2
MIN
Office of Secretary of CPSC
Record of Commission Action from Commission meetings of 3/8/79 and 3/15/79 regarding CP 78-15. Commission decided to defer the decision on the petition and conduct an investigation of the issue.

03/13/1979
Memo on suggested course of action for commission's decision of petition CP 78-15.
000087
3
MEM
R. David Pittle, Commissioner
Suggests defering part of petition relating to max. thermostat setting and mandatory warning labels. Seek factory pre-set temperture and develop information and eduction program. Memo gives reason for these suggestions

04/09/1979
Letter to U.S. Dept. of Energy on Seattle's petition to CPSC on lowering water heater temperatures to 130F.
000109
2
LTR
Charles Royer
Letter discusses Seattle City Light's petition to CPSC to limit water heater temperture to 130F to reduce tap water scald injuries and to save energy.

05/01/1979
Whirlpool Corporation-Policy Statement Regarding Recommendations to Mandate Lower Water Heater Temperature Settings
000096
1
OTH
Whirlpool Corporation
Strongly supports programs to educate the public on precautions to prevent scald injuries, as an alternative to CPCS petition. Tests show dishwashers with water below 140F do an incomplete job of cleaning.

07/26/1979
Memo on status report of tap water scalds
000010
14
MEM
Nick Marchica
Status report on tap water scalding information. Includes recommendations made by ANSI and revisions made in standards by UL.

09/01/1979
Letter from CPSC to Consumer Affairs Director of utility company launching education program on tap water scald injuries.
000074
2
LTR
Susan B. King
Describes education campaign by CPSC and encourages company's to educate consumers on hazards of tap water scalding; recommends thermostat setting of 120 F; Advises sending information with monthly bills.

01/01/1980
CPSC ALERT SHEET on Tap Water Scalds.
000062
2
GOV
CPSC
Urges consumers to lower temperatures on water heaters; announces petition from Seattle organization; gives instructions on lowering temperatures; recommends 120 to 125 F setting.

01/01/1980
U of Arizona brochure on staying out of hot water.
000075
3
PUB
Bernice Epstein
Information and instructions on tap water scalds and reducing water temperature; death rate from tap water scalds is 40 times higher than it is from other types of scald burns.

06/27/1980
Memo on determining maximum thermostat setting to prevent accidents.
000111
3
MEM
Paula Present, HIEA
Review to determine what maximum thermostat setting might have prevented scald injuries by reviewing date from 1978 death certificates and 1979 in-depth investigation assignments of scald injuries.

06/30/1980
Letter to CPSC from APHA discussing tap water scald burns.
000110
2
LTR
William H. McBeath, M.D., APHA
Discusses tap water scald injuries and how they can be controlled by requiring residential water heaters not to exceed 145F and pre-set deliver at 130F.

07/01/1980
Memo to study to determine maximum water heater thermostat to reduce scald injuries.
000122
2
MEM
Victoria R. Brown
In order to reduce or eliminate occurrence of tap water scald injuries a maximum water heater temperature of between 120-125 would be necessary.

07/17/1980
Memo of statement of support of Tap Water Scald Petition by American Public Health Association
000114
1
MEM
Carol Roth, OGC
Letter from American Public Health Association (document 000110) should be treated as a statement in support of petition CP 78-15.

07/21/1980
Memo on study to determine maximum water heater thermostat setting to prevent scald injuries.
000121
1
MEM
Harry I. Coher
Maximum water heater temperature of 130F or below would be necessary to significantly reduce or eliminate the occurance of water scald injuries.

07/25/1980
UL Standard for Safety-Heating, Water Supply, and Power Boilers--Electric
000102
45
REG
Underwriters Laboratrories
UL 834 Standards for heating, water supply, and power boilers-electric.

08/22/1980
UL Standard for Safety-Oil Burners
000105
67
REG
Underwriters Laboratories
Standards for Oil Burners. UL 296.

09/01/1980
Matt Maley pamphlet entitled scald burns can be easily prevented.
000079
1 PUB
Matt Maley
Greatest single cause of burns is a hot liquid; presents table of time/temperature relationships in scalds; water temperature at faucet should be 120 F.

09/09/1980
Memo on maximum thermostat settings on gas and electrical water heaters.
000112
1
MEM
John F. Liskey
Electrical Water Heaters-UL standard in 1970 reduced max. setting from 194F to 185F. In 1979 reduced from 185F to 170F. Gas Water Heaters-GAMA indicated max. temperature to be 160F.

09/10/1980
Memo regarding the briefing package on petition CP 78-15.
000113
1
MEM
John Liskey
Memo accompanied briefing package on petition CP 78-15. Package was approved by several directorates of the CPSC.

09/16/1980
Memo on Tap Water Scald Petition with need to decrease maximum thermostat setting.
000093
3
MEM
Richard A. Gross
Suggests CPSC to work with industry to bring maximum thermostat setting down from 160-170F to 140-150F. Contains several scald burn cases.

09/18/1980
Briefing Paper (# 3) on Petition CP 78-15 on Tap Water Scalds
000138
100
GOV
John Liskey
Third package submitted to Commission; contains Federal Register 5/31/79); chronology; comments; analyses by CPSC staff; economic issues; warning labels; standards; manufacturer's instructions; etc.

01/20/1981
Memo on report on tap water scald injuries
000012
14
MEM
Paula Present, HIEA
Directorate for Epidemilogy to determine whether tap water 140F or less from residential water heaters was resulting in scald injuries. Attached is a report with the details of the injuries.

05/12/1981
Memo on follow-up information from Commission Decision on Petition CP 78-15
000004
56
MEM
Ronald L. Medford
Follow-up information from Commission decision on petition CP 78-15 along with attachments received from team members in response to 12/3/80 memo from John Liskey to Executive Director listing tasks to be completed.

06/11/1981
Memo on resource estimates for additional staff work on tap water scalds.
000014
16
MEM
Ronald L. Medford
Resource estimates for additional work on tap water scalds.

11/20/1981
Memo providing Report on a Survey of Scald Injuries from Water Temperatures of 140 F or Lower from CPSC.
000056
13
STU
Paula Present
Response to UL (representing industry) request for evidence that scald injuries occur at 140 F; reports on consumer survey; three injuries reported through NEISS which resulted from 130 - 140 F water.

04/19/1982
Letter from ANSI to Matt Maley concerning privsions of standards related to consumer warnings on scald hazards.
000081
19
LTR
ANSI Z21 Committee
Description of ANSI efforts concerning current provisions of water heater standard; specify marking on water heater for 130 F; more logical to request the plumbing codes to address scalding problem.

04/22/1982
Letter from Matt Maley of Shriners relative to particular burn case (Turley).
000080
6
LTR
Matt Maley
Talks of studies relative to lower water temperatures and has several enclosures summarizing results.

01/01/1983
Investigation of attitudes to externally located thermostat controls on domestic hot water heaters.
000028
1
PUB
Donald S. Wyllie
Info on attidues for external temperature contols in response to energy conservation and scald protection. 480 Winnipeg households interviewed for report.

12/01/1983
Hardware Age (v.220, p.264(25),12/83) article on plumbing, heating & cooling.
000036
1
PUB
Hardware Age
Heating equipment industry directory including water heater components.

09/01/1984
Trial Diplomacy Journal on a Lawyer's Approach to Burn Injuries.
000083
6
PUB
Nick C. Nichols
Description of how burns affect people and how to handle a burn case.

01/01/1985
Analysis of Skin Burns
000137
49
PUB
Kenneth R. Diller
Chapter 18 from Heat Transfer in Medicine and Biology, vol. 2. Discussion of burn process of the skin and how it may be treated. Analysis used to predict the extent and severity of the burn.

01/01/1986
Consumer Reports (1/86) article on Tankless Water Heaters (v.51, n.1).
000054
2
PUB
Consumer Reports
Tankless water heaters heat water as it is needed; heart of device is copper tubing; come in various sizes.

04/01/1986
Article on Tankless water heaters: Never-ending hot water and energy savings too.
000029
5
PUB
Richard Layne
Popular Science article (v228, p. 106(5)). Save pipes from corrosion from water's alkali calcium when heated above 120 degrees. Can adjust water temp. to suit the task. Must use one appliance at a time.

05/21/1986
News Release: Memory Metals signs letter of intent with Mor-Flo for device to control domestic hot water.
000027
1
PUB
Business Editors
Description of agreement with Mor-Flo to provide SME alloys to control mechanism of hot water heaters.

07/10/1986
News release that Memry Metals signs contract with More-Flo Industries, Inc.
000025
1
PUB
Business Editors
Description of contract whereby Memry will manufacture SME alloy actuator to control heating of domestic hot water heaters. Also discusses Memry anti-scald devices.

07/15/1986
Vaughn Mfg Co. Sepco domestic water heater operation and installation manual.
000045
16
OTH
Vaughn Manufacturing Corp.
Manual which contains warnings and instructions for storage tank hot water heater; warns that exposure to 130 degree water can cause scalding injuries; temp of water adjustable but set at 140 F.

09/10/1986
News Release on Memry product development status.
000026
2
PUB
Business Editors
Describes Memry Metals, Inc.'s efforts to place major effort on anti-scald valve

09/30/1986
Commonwealth of Massachusetts Fuel Gas and Plumbing Codes.
000106
500
REG
Board of State Examiners of Plumbing
Reprinted from the Code of Massachusetts Regulations and contains the Massachusetts Plumbing and Fuel Gas Codes.

12/31/1986
Commonwealth of Massachusetts-Department of Public Health-State Sanitary Code Article I & II
000098
44
REG
Department of Public Health
State Sanitary Code I: General Administrative Procedures and State Sanitary Code II: Mininum Standards of Fitness for Human Habitation.

01/01/1987
Pamphlet entitled Learn to Burn Curriculum from National Fire Protection Association.
000082
5
PUB
NFPA
Scalds constitute the most frequent kind of burn injury to young children; CPSC recommends hot water be maintained at 120 F.

01/01/1988
Leonard brochure on thermostatic water mixing valves.
000051
5
OTH
Leonard Valve Company
Leonard valves provide dependable control of water for domestic hot water systems; powered by Dura-trol thermostat, a solid bimetal element. Factory set at 120 F, adjustable to 8 F below hot water supply.

02/26/1988
ASTM (F 444-88) Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Scald-Preventing Devices and Systems in bathing areas.
000048
2
REG
ASTM
Originally published in 1978; addresses hazards identified by Abt Associates in 1975 report; preventing scalding through utilization of devices, series of devices, or plumbing system designs; max temp. of 120 F.

05/16/1988
UL Standard for Safety-Oil-Fired Boiler Assemblies.
000104
49
REG
Underwriters Laboratories
Standard for Oil-Fired Boiler Assemblies. UL 726.
 

07/01/1988
New Safety Literature announcement on water mixing valves from Safety & Health (July 1988, p. 77).

000053
1
PUB
Leonard Valve Company
Announcing availability of brochure detailing company's thermostatic water mixing valves.
 

08/01/1988
New product announcement from August 1988 Safety & Health Magazine referencing anti-scald devices.
000052
1
PUB
Lee Matthew Enterprises, Inc.
Description of shower safe and shower gard, metal alloy products which shut off water that exceeds 112 F.

09/01/1988
Norme Francaise-Electrical household and similar appliances-Safety requirements. Part II: Room Heaters
000100
28
REG
Global Engineering Documents
Electrical household and similar appliances-Safety requirements. Part II: Room heaters.

09/27/1988
UL Standard for Heating, Water Supply, and Power Boilers-Electric.
000103
38
REG
Underwriters Laboratories
Revision pages for Standard for Heating, Water Supply, and Power Boilers-Electric. UL 834, Second Edition (document 000102)

03/01/1989
Medical Selfcare (n51, p. 21(2)) article on Childhood Burns: trials by fire.
000037
3
PUB
Rod Moser
Second to automobile accidents, burns are the most common cause of death in childhood.

05/01/1989
Article on "Shower Injuries Rise with Degrees"
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3
PUB
Milton Snyder
Description of shower and bathtub scald injuries article published in Contractor magazine. Water over 120 degrees is dangerous.

05/01/1989
International Standard-Safety of household and similar electrical appliances.
000099
70
REG
International Electrotechnical Com
Safety of household and similar electrical appliances. Part 2: Particular requirements for storage water heaters.

06/01/1989
Contractor magazine article "Design Systems to Prevent Scalding."
000024
2
PUB
Milton Snyder
Scalding cases occur because of design inadequacies and poor installation practices.

07/01/1989
Contractor article on keeping water hot but minimize scalding; consider anti-scalding options that maintain temperature.
000032
3
PUB
Milton Snyder
Contractor (v.36, p. 30, 7/90); Problems with 140 degree industry standard; Discusses needs for water at 140 F; Suggests point of use heaters, automatic tempering valves (not guarenteed foolproof), or balanced pressure.

01/01/1990
Heating, Piping, Air Conditioning (v.62, p.89(4), 1/90) article on ASSE standards for plumbing products.
000033
6
PUB
Stuart F. Asay
Discussion and abstracts of various ASSE standards, including: anti-scald valves for showers (1016); mixing valves for domestic use (1017).

01/29/1990
News Release: Mercy Hospital offers tips to prevent burn injuries.
000034
1
PUB
Eric Hoffman
Describes National Burn Awareness Week; prevention of scald burns; 100,000 people treated for burns each year; recommends installing tempering valves.

09/01/1990
Turn Down the Heat article from NSC Product Safety Up-To-Date.
000022
1
PUB
National Safety Council
Discusses scald burns to children from bathtubs and showers; Memry anti-scald device described; NEISS reported 5,000 scald burns to children in 1988; want to limit water to 120 F.

10/01/1990
Article from American Health: Dangerous when wet: child burns in the bath (v.9, n.8, p.78(2)).
000030
2
PUB
Erica Franklin
Desribes how 5,000 kids are scalded by tap water in tub; blame placed on homeowners or landlords who set water heaters too high or don't use safety valves; recommendations given for preventing accidents.

10/01/1990
Contractor article (v.37, p. 18(1), 10/90): NSPC rejects emotional anti-scald appeal.
000035
2
PUB
Larry R. Hooper
National Standard Plumbing Code committee rejected proposed amendments aimed at expanding anti-scald provisions in code; testimony from SAFE KIDS personnel; 95% of tap water scalds occur in residential settings.

11/01/1990
Brown U. Child Behavior article on protection from scalding water injuries (v.6, n.11, p.7(1))
000031
1
PUB
Memry Corp.
Short article describes MEMRYSAFE device to stop flow of scalding water; notes that 3,000 children scalded each year from tap water and require hospitalization.